【YOKOHAMA-SXIP 2024】 Themed Lecture 3：Deepen the understanding about ESG Investing and Green Finance
On Air
Subject | International Affairs
Development Economics for Peace
- Economic growth
- Financial development
- Poverty reduction
- Human capital investment
There are many developing countries that have experienced civil war. What, then, are the factors that trigger such conflicts? Needless to say, civil wars are thought to arise from a complex set of causes. Among the many possible causes, this course focuses particularly on economic factors. In this context, at least two economic factors can be identified. One is that the people of the country have low income, and the other is that the country has low economic growth. Why do low income and poverty lead to civil war? Similarly, in what ways does low growth contribute to conflict? This course attempts to explore these questions.
These perspectives also indicate that economic development is an important factor in peacebuilding. So why do poverty, low income, and low growth arise in the first place? And what kind of strategies might be effective in improving these conditions? Although there may not yet be complete answers to these questions, a variety of ideas for improvement have been proposed, and such ideas have been compiled as development economics. This course will introduce knowledge from development economics to provide students with the foundational understanding needed to address these problems.
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©Graduate School of International Cooperation Studies, Kobe University. Last Update 2025-10-01
Content／学習内容
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The importance of the economy in peace
- Economic growth
- Natural resource
- Civil war
The title of this lecture series is “Development Economics for Peace.” Given the title, students may wonder why the economy matters when discussing peace. This first lecture will attempt to answer the question. When you take the course “Development Economics for Peace,” it is recommended that you first attend this first lecture to learn about the importance of the economy in peacebuilding.
Videos
／学習動画
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Economic factors causing civil war I
An economic perspective on the factors that cause civil wars. In particular, this part explains the importance of income.
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Economic factors causing civil war II
An economic perspective on the factors that cause civil wars. In particular, this part focuses on economic growth and natural resource dependence.
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Economic factors causing civil war III
Civil wars are in part caused by civil wars. This part provides an explanation of this point.
Lecturers
／講師
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Masahiro Kodama
Professor, Graduate School of International Cooperation Studies, Kobe University
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GDP: A key index of a country
- Value added
- Production approach GDP
In order to improve the economy of a country, we first need to know about the current state of that country’s economy. And there is data that is used all over the world to understand the overall state of each country’s economy. That data is referred to as GDP. In this lecture, we will learn the basic knowledge of what GDP is.
Videos
／学習動画
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GDP I
This part explains what GDP and value added are individually.
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GDP II
This part explains a relationship between GDP and value added are.
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GDP III
This part explains that GDP can be interpreted as data capturing a country’s production status.
Lecturers
／講師
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Masahiro Kodama
Professor, Graduate School of International Cooperation Studies, Kobe University
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GDP: Important aspects
- Expenditure approach GDP
- Principle of Equivalent of Three Aspects
The most basic interpretation of GDP is that it represents a country’s production status. Nevertheless, the uses of this data are not limited to capturing the production side of the economy. If so, what other uses are there for GDP? In this third lecture, the various aspects of GDP will be discussed. In addition, actual examples of the use of GDP will be given.
Videos
／学習動画
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GDP IV
This part explains income approach GDP.
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GDP V
This part explains expenditure approach GDP.
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GDP VI
This part introduces some actual example of how to use the GDP data.
Lecturers
／講師
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Masahiro Kodama
Professor, Graduate School of International Cooperation Studies, Kobe University
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Industrial structural transformation
- Dual sector model
- the Lewis Model
- Demand factor
- Engel’s Law
In less-developed countries, agriculture is the dominant industry. And as the economy develops, the nonagricultural sector (industrial and service sectors) increases its share in the economy. While the existence of this change in industrial structure is well known, one may wonder why such a change occurs. Its mechanism is not deeply understood. This section explains agricultural-nonagricultural industrial structural transformation which is a basic knowledge of economic development.
Videos
／学習動画
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Petty-Clark’s Law & Dual sector model I
This part introduces what the Petty-Clark’s Law is. This part also describes the dual-sector model explaining the industrial structural transformation.
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Dual sector model II
This part describes the dual-sector model explaining the industrial structural transformation.
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Dual sector model III & Extensions
This part describes the dual-sector model explaining the industrial structural transformation. This part also outlines the model of industrial structural change after the Lewis model.
Lecturers
／講師
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Masahiro Kodama
Professor, Graduate School of International Cooperation Studies, Kobe University
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Issues on Petty-Clark‘s Law & Resource Curse
- Disguised unemployment
- Resource Curse
- Dutch disease
If a developing country had a prominent natural resource (e.g., oil), would it have a positive effect on the country’s economic growth? Or would it have a negative effect? Intuitively, the answer to this question seems obvious. In reality, however, that intuitive answer may not be correct. If so, what effect do natural resources have on economic growth? In this section, we will address this question.
Videos
／学習動画
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Issues on Petty-Clark’s Law
There are two key terms related to industrial structural transformation: the Lewis turning point and disguised unemployment. This part explains these terms.
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Resource Curse I
This part describes the phenomenon known as the resource curse. In particular, this part will provide an explanation of the economic phenomenon known by the term the Dutch Disease.
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Resource Curse II
This section will lecture on factors, other than Dutch disease, that contribute to the occurrence of resource curse.
Lecturers
／講師
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Masahiro Kodama
Professor, Graduate School of International Cooperation Studies, Kobe University
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Growth Theory
- Harrod-Domar model
- Solow model
This lecture will review seminal growth models. Specifically, we will learn the basics of Harrod-Domar model and Solow model.
Videos
／学習動画
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Classical Growth Theories and Harrod-Domar Model
This part of the lecture will introduce students to the basics of Harrod-Domar model.
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The Solow Model without Technological Progress
This part of the lecture will introduce students to the basics of Solow model without technological progress.
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The Solow Model with Technological Progress
This part of the lecture will introduce students to the basics of Solow model with technological progress.
Lecturers
／講師
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Yuichiro Uchida
Professor, Graduate School of International Cooperation Studies, Kobe University
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Financial Development and Financial Deepening
- financial deepening
- economic growth
- income distribution
- poverty
Based on theoretical and empirical studies, the lectures explain how the development of financial intermediary functions can have the effects on economic growth, income distribution, and poverty conditions in less developed countries.
Videos
／学習動画
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Financial Deepening and Economic Growth
This part explains how financial deepening relates to economic growth and what impact financial deepening can have on economic growth.
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Repression, Liberalization, and Development
What is needed for financial deepening to be successfully promoted? This part explains this issue from the perspective of financial repression and financial liberalization.
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Financial Deepening, Inequality, and Poverty
The part provides both theoretical and empirical perspectives on the possible effects of financial deepening on income distribution and poverty conditions.
Lecturers
／講師
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Takeshi Inoue
Associate Professor, Graduate School of International Cooperation Studies, Kobe University
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Financial Inclusion and Remittances
- financial inclusion
- International remittances
- income distribution
- poverty
The lecture focusses on financial inclusion, which is attracting attention as a new concept in development finance, and international remittances, which have been gaining importance in recent years as a source of external financing, and explain their impacts on the economies of less developed countries.
Videos
／学習動画
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Financial Inclusion: Definition and Measurement
This part explains how financial inclusion can be defined and measured.
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Financial Inclusion: Impacts on Income Distribution, Poverty, and Growth
The part explains how financial inclusion can affect income distribution, poverty conditions, and economic growth from both theoretical and empirical perspectives.
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Remittances: Impacts on Growth, Poverty, and Financial Development
This part explains how international remittances can affect income distribution, poverty conditions, and financial development.
Lecturers
／講師
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Takeshi Inoue
Associate Professor, Graduate School of International Cooperation Studies, Kobe University
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Conflict and Poverty
- Income poverty
- International aid
- Economic growth
Various factors can be considered as causes of conflict, and the existence of poverty issues is one of them. In this lecture, we will learn about economic development and poverty reduction as one way to reduce conflict from an economic perspective.
Videos
／学習動画
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Poverty as a Cause of Conflict
In Part 1, we will learn about the possible causes of conflict, and poverty as one of them.
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Poverty and International Initiatives
In Part 2, we will learn about the multidimensional concept of poverty and income poverty, as well as international efforts to reduce poverty.
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History of International Aid
In Part 3, we will learn about the history and achievements of international aid, focusing on the contrast between sub-Saharan Africa, where poverty remains severe, and East Asia, where significant improvements have been made.
Lecturers
／講師
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Takahiro Ito
Associate Professor, Graduate School of International Cooperation Studies, Kobe University
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Can Education Be a Panacea?
- Augmented Solow model
- Quantitative aspects of education
- Qualitative aspects of education
The issue of poverty as a cause of conflict is also considered to be closely related to education issues. In this lecture, we will learn about the role of education in economic development and poverty reduction from an economic perspective.
Videos
／学習動画
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Education and Poverty Reduction
In Part 1, we will learn about the mechanisms by which education affects economic growth and poverty reduction, and the empirical evidence for each of the macro and micro data analyses.
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Issues Related to Education in Developing Countries (1/2)
In Part 2, we will learn about the importance of improving the qualitative aspects of education after reviewing the results of educational improvements in sub-Saharan Africa over the past few decades on economic growth or poverty reduction in the region.
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Issues Related to Education in Developing Countries (2/2)
In Part 3, we will review a project to improve the qualitative aspects of education and learn about its outcomes. We will also learn about issues related to education in developing countries other than the qualitative aspects and the universal importance of education.
Lecturers
／講師
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Takahiro Ito
Associate Professor, Graduate School of International Cooperation Studies, Kobe University
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Human Capital Investment: The standard models
- The rate of return to education
- Schooling choice model
- Signaling Model
- Estimation of the rate of return to education
This lecture will cover standard theory of human capital theories, focusing on the role of education. We will learn the concept of present value, discount rate, and the return to education. We then learn how to analyze the schooling choice. We also discuss the signaling model, which is an alternative theory about education.
Videos
／学習動画
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Some stylized facts about education, and a simple model of schooling choice
We will discuss some stylized facts about education. We will learn the basic concepts of present value, discount rate, and then learn the simple model of schooling choice where a person decide whether to go to university or not.
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The standard schooling model and the rate of return to education
In this part, we will introduce a standard schooling model to analyze the decision to determine one’s education level. We will also learn the reason why the empirical estimation of the rate of return to education may be difficult.
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Signaling model, Some empirical evidence on the rate of return to schooling
We introduce a signaling model, that is an alternative model to understand the role of education on labor market outcome. We then go over one empirical study that estimates the rate of return to education.
Lecturers
／講師
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Takahashi, Shingo
Professor, Graduate School of International Cooperation Studies, Kobe University
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Human Capital Investment in early childhood
- Non cognitive skills
- Effects of early childhood experience on adult outcomes.
Th goal of this lecture is to understand that the human capital investment in early childhood affect children’s long term labor market outcome by affecting their non-cognitive ability. In order to illustrate this point, we will also examine in general how the non-cognitive skills affect the labor market outcome
Videos
／学習動画
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Hard evidence on soft skills
We use the case of General Educational Development Test (GED) to show that, cognitive skills alone do not lead to favorable labor market outcome.
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The difference between GEDs and high school graduates.
Early childhood experience on adult outcome.We will examine the difference in those who obtained GEDs and those who actually graduate from high school to illustrate why they have very different labor market outcome. This result naturally leads to a topic of early child food experience on adult outcome.
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The effect of early childhood intervention on adult outcomes and the return to early childhood education
The goal of this part is to understand the mechanism through which early childhood intervention can significantly alter the adult outcome, and then to understand why the rate of return to early childhood education is high.
Lecturers
／講師
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Shingo Takahashi
Professor, Graduate School of International Cooperation Studies, Kobe University
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Does Population Control Eliminate Poverty?
- Malthusian theory of population
- Demographic transition
- Economics of the family
- Child quantity-quality tradeoff
The issue of poverty as a cause of conflict is also considered to be closely related to population issues. In this lecture, we will learn about the impact of population control on economic development and poverty reduction from an economic perspective.
Videos
／学習動画
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Concerns about Overpopulation
In Part 1, we will learn about the often repeated pessimistic view of the population explosion, the population control policies based on it, and their consequences.
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Hypothesis on the Advantage of Population Growth
In Part II, we will first learn about the validity of the pessimistic view of population growth, followed by the optimistic view and the impact of population growth on technological innovation and economic growth.
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Child Quantity and Quality Tradeoff
In Part 3, we will study a microeconomic theory related to childbirth and childcare, why population control policies do not work, and effective policies that lead to demographic transition.
Lecturers
／講師
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Takahiro Ito
Associate Professor, Graduate School of International Cooperation Studies, Kobe University
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Role of Government
- Currency Manipulation
- Financial repression
- Public services
- Corruption
The issue of poverty as a cause of conflict is also considered to be closely related to the quality of government and policy. In this lecture, we will learn about the role of government in economic development and poverty, from an economic perspective.
Videos
／学習動画
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Harmful Government Policies and Their Consequences
In Part 1, we will learn the examples of policies that are harmful to economic growth and their consequences.
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Harmful Government Policies and Their Consequences (2)
In Part 2, continuing from Part 1, we will learn the examples of policies that are harmful to economic growth and their consequences.
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Fragile States and Their Causes
In Part 3, we will learn about corruption and its consequences, and the causes of fragile states characterized by harmful policies and rampant corruption.
Lecturers
／講師
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Takahiro Ito
Associate Professor, Graduate School of International Cooperation Studies, Kobe University
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The Potential of a Democratic Political System
- Ethnic Conflict
- Social Capital
- Democracy
- Checks and Balances
The issue of poverty as a cause of conflict is also considered to be closely related to ethnic diversity and political systems. In this lecture, we will learn how poverty, ethnic diversity, and the political system are interrelated, from an economic perspective.
Videos
／学習動画
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Ethnic Diversity and Bad Governance
In Part 1, we will learn how ethnic diversity is linked to harmful government policies and corruption.
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Conflict, Poverty, and Bad Governance
In Part 2, we will learn how ethnic diversity is closely linked to conflict and poverty, and the vicious cycle between conflict, poverty, and bad governance.
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Democratic Political System
In Part 3, we will focus on democratic political systems as a possible solution to the three vicious cycles of conflict, poverty, and maladministration, and will learn about their influences.
Lecturers
／講師
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Takahiro Ito
Associate Professor, Graduate School of International Cooperation Studies, Kobe University
Staff／スタッフ
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Masahiro KodamaKobe University Graduate School of International Cooperation StudiesProfessorCareerMajor: Macroeconomics, Development economics
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Yuichiro UchidaKobe University Graduate School of International Cooperation StudiesProfessorCareer
Ph.D. University of Manchester, specializing in development economics and econometrics
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Takeshi InoueKobe University Graduate School of International Cooperation StudiesAssociate ProfessorCareer
Major: Development Finance
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Takahiro ItoKobe University Graduate School of International Cooperation StudiesAssociate ProfessorCareer
Major: Economics
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Takahashi, ShingoKobe University Graduate School of International Cooperation StudiesProfessorCareer
Major: Labor Economics
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Shingo TakahashiKobe University Graduate School of International Cooperation StudiesProfessorCareer
Major: Labor Economics
Competency／コンピテンシー
Course Objectives
This course discusses the importance of economic development in developing countries, with peacebuilding in mind. The course is intended for students interested in the economic development of developing countries. Its goal is for students to acquire basic knowledge on the relationship between conflict and economic factors, an overview of those economic factors, and economic development as a strategy for improvement. By teaching this knowledge, the course aims to foster human resources who can take on leadership roles in forming collaborative networks to address challenges faced by ASEAN countries and Japan.
Learning Outcomes
To achieve the five learning objectives, students must meet the following standards:
1) Be able to understand the basic concepts of development economics.
2) Be able to understand the current state of international cooperation in the field of development economics.
3) Be able to interpret and explain data used in the field of development economics..
4) Be able to identify issues in their own country within the field of development economics and make policy recommendations for solutions.
Information／その他の情報
References
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